Issue #20066 has been updated by Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme). I'm not sure if the following is relevant, but maybe just food for thought... Before Jeremy submitted this patch I had toyed with the idea of optimizing `*rest` and `**kwrest` arguments by freezing them. The idea is that with ```ruby opts = {a: 1}.freeze foo(**opts) ``` We don't need to make a copy of `opts` since it's frozen. And that frozen hash can be used directly in the callee depending on certain conditions: ```ruby def foo1(**) #use frozen hash directly since there's no variable to reference bar(**) #frozen hash is passed to bar, so no copy needed end def foo2(**kw) #use frozen hash directly since kw is only used in splat bar(**kw) #frozen hash is passed to bar, so no copy needed end def foo3(**kw) #use frozen hash directly since kw is only used in splat eval("kw").frozen? #=> true; imho this is acceptable tradeoff; should almost never cause issues, and can workaround with kw=kw.dup bar(**kw) #frozen hash is passed to bar, so no copy needed end def foo4(**kw) #copy hash since kw variable is used apart from splat kw.frozen? #=> false bar(**kw) #mutable hash is passed to bar end foo1 #no kwargs; in foo1 we can use a global frozen hash like Hash::EMPTYKW = {}.freeze ``` And then I toyed with the idea of introducing a `frozen_rest_arguments` pragma so that kw can be frozen explicitly in foo3 and foo4 above. Jeremy's approach seems better because `foo(**opts)` with a long forward chain results in only 1 allocation at the end, whereas my idea requires an extra allocation at the beginning if `opts` is not frozen. But I think the extra allocation makes this freezing approach immune to the issue in #note-15. So, food for thought, maybe. ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106131 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/