New subject: [ruby-core:121567] [Ruby Feature#21254] Inlining Class#new

7 Apr 2025

      Issue #21254 has been reported by tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson).

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Feature #21254: Inlining Class#new
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/21254

* Author: tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)
* Status: Open
----------------------------------------
We would like to propose inlining YARV bytecode for speeding up object allocations, specifically inlining the `Class#new` method.  In order to support inlining this method, we would like to introduce a new YARV instruction `opt_new`.  This instruction will allocate an object if the default allocator is not overridden, otherwise it will jump to a “slow path” for calling a method.

`Class#new` especially benefits from inlining for two reasons:
1. Calling `initialize` directly means we don't need to allocate a temporary hash for keyword arguments
2. We are able to use an inline cache when calling the `initialize` method

The patch can be found [here](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/13080), but please find implementation details below.

## Implementation Details
This patch modifies the compiler to emit special instructions when it sees a callsite that uses “new”.  Before this patch, calling `Object.new` would result in bytecode like this:

```
ruby --dump=insns -e'Object.new'
== disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,10)>
0000 opt_getconstant_path                   <ic:0 Object>             (   1)[Li]
0002 opt_send_without_block                 <calldata!mid:new, argc:0, ARGS_SIMPLE>
0004 leave
```

With this patch, the bytecode looks like this:

```
./ruby --dump=insns -e'Object.new'
== disasm: #<ISeq:<main>@-e:1 (1,0)-(1,10)>
0000 opt_getconstant_path                   <ic:0 Object>             (   1)[Li]
0002 putnil
0003 swap
0004 opt_new                                <calldata!mid:new, argc:0, ARGS_SIMPLE>, 11
0007 opt_send_without_block                 <calldata!mid:initialize, argc:0, FCALL|ARGS_SIMPLE>
0009 jump                                   14
0011 opt_send_without_block                 <calldata!mid:new, argc:0, ARGS_SIMPLE>
0013 swap
0014 pop
0015 leave
```

The new `opt_new` instruction checks whether or not the `new` implementation is the default “allocator” implementation.  If it is the default allocator, then the instruction will allocate the object and call initialize passing parameters to initialize but not to `new`.  If the method is not the default allocator implementation, it will jump to the normal method dispatch instructions.
Performance Improvements
This patch improves performance of all allocations that use the normal “new” method for allocation.  Here are two examples (all of these benchmarks compare Ruby 3.4.2 against Ruby master with inlining patch):

A simple `Object.new` in a hot loop improves by about 24%:

```
hyperfine "ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Object.new; i += 1; end'" "./ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Object.new; i += 1; end'"
Benchmark 1: ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Object.new; i += 1; end'
  Time (mean ± σ):     436.6 ms ±   3.3 ms    [User: 432.3 ms, System: 3.8 ms]
  Range (min … max):   430.5 ms … 442.6 ms    10 runs

Benchmark 2: ./ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Object.new; i += 1; end'
  Time (mean ± σ):     351.1 ms ±   3.6 ms    [User: 347.4 ms, System: 3.3 ms]
  Range (min … max):   343.9 ms … 357.4 ms    10 runs

Summary
  ./ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Object.new; i += 1; end' ran
    1.24 ± 0.02 times faster than ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Object.new; i += 1; end'
```

Using a single keyword argument is improved by about 72%:

```
...
hyperfine "ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Hash.new(capacity: 0); i += 1; end'" "./ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Hash.new(capacity: 0); i += 1; end'"
Benchmark 1: ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Hash.new(capacity: 0); i += 1; end'
  Time (mean ± σ):      1.082 s ±  0.007 s    [User: 1.074 s, System: 0.008 s]
  Range (min … max):    1.071 s …  1.091 s    10 runs
Benchmark 2: ./ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Hash.new(capacity: 0); i += 1; end'
  Time (mean ± σ):     627.6 ms ±   4.8 ms    [User: 622.6 ms, System: 4.5 ms]
  Range (min … max):   622.1 ms … 637.2 ms    10 runs

Summary
  ./ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Hash.new(capacity: 0); i += 1; end' ran
    1.72 ± 0.02 times faster than ruby --disable-gems -e'i = 0; while i < 10_000_000; Hash.new(capacity: 0); i += 1; end'
```

The performance increase depends on the number and type of parameters passed to `initialize`.  For example, an `initialize` method that takes 3 parameters can see a speed improvement of ~3x:

```
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> cat test.rb
class Foo
  def initialize a:, b:, c:
  end
end
i = 0
while i < 10_000_000
  Foo.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
  Foo.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
  Foo.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3)
  i += 1
end
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> hyperfine "ruby --disable-gems test.rb" "./ruby --disable-gems test.rb"
Benchmark 1: ruby --disable-gems test.rb
  Time (mean ± σ):      3.700 s ±  0.033 s    [User: 3.681 s, System: 0.018 s]
  Range (min … max):    3.636 s …  3.751 s    10 runs

Benchmark 2: ./ruby --disable-gems test.rb
  Time (mean ± σ):      1.182 s ±  0.013 s    [User: 1.173 s, System: 0.008 s]
  Range (min … max):    1.165 s …  1.203 s    10 runs

Summary
  ./ruby --disable-gems test.rb ran
    3.13 ± 0.04 times faster than ruby --disable-gems test.rb
```

One factor in the performance increase for keyword arguments is that inlining is able to eliminate the hash allocation when calling “through” the C implementation of `Class#new`:

```
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> cat test.rb
class Foo
  def initialize a:, b:, c:
  end
end
def allocs
  x = GC.stat(:total_allocated_objects)
  yield
  GC.stat(:total_allocated_objects) - x
end
def test; allocs { Foo.new(a: 1, b: 2, c: 3) }; end
test
p test
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.4.2 (2025-02-15 revision d2930f8e7a) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
2
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ./ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.5.0dev (2025-04-03T13:03:19Z inline-new 567c54208c) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
1
```

## Memory Increase

Of course this patch is not “free”.  Inlining the method call adds extra YARV instructions.  We estimate this patch increases `new` call sites by about 122 bytes:

```
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> cat test.rb
require "objspace"
class Foo
  def initialize
  end
end
def test
  Foo.new
end
puts ObjectSpace.memsize_of(RubyVM::InstructionSequence.of(method(:test)))
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.4.2 (2025-02-15 revision d2930f8e7a) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
544
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ./ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.5.0dev (2025-04-03T13:03:19Z inline-new 567c54208c) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
656
```

We’ve tested this in Shopify’s monolith, comparing Ruby 3.4.2 and Ruby 3.5+inlining, and it seems to increase total ISEQ memesize by about 3.8mb (roughly 0.5% increase in ISEQ size):

```
irb(main):001> 737191972 - 733354388
=> 3837584
```

However, Ruby 3.5 has more overall ISEQ objects than Ruby 3.4.2:

```
aaron@Aarons-MacBook-Pro ~/Downloads> wc -l sizes-inline.txt
  789545 sizes-inline.txt
aaron@Aarons-MacBook-Pro ~/Downloads> wc -l sizes-3.4.txt
  789479 sizes-3.4.txt
```

We see total heap size as reported by `memsize` to only increase by about 1MB:

```
irb(main):001> 3981075617 - 3979926505
=> 1149112
```

## Changes to `caller`

This patch changes `caller` reporting in the `initialize` method:

```
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> cat test.rb
require "objspace"

class Foo
  def initialize
    puts caller
  end
end

def test
  Foo.new
end

test
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.4.2 (2025-02-15 revision d2930f8e7a) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
test.rb:10:in 'Class#new'
test.rb:10:in 'Object#test'
test.rb:13:in '<main>'
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ./ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.5.0dev (2025-04-03T13:03:19Z inline-new 567c54208c) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
test.rb:10:in 'Object#test'
test.rb:13:in '<main>'
```

As you can see in the above output, the `Class#new` frame is eliminated.  I'm not sure if anyone really cares about this frame.  We've tested this patch in Shopify's CI, and didn't find any code that depends on this callstack.  However, this patch did require [changes to ERB for emitting warnings](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/13080/files#diff-7624f95f521b3333de8c687d7...).

That said, eliminating the frame also has the side-effect of making some of our allocation tracing tools a little more useful:

```
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> cat test.rb
require "objspace"

class Foo
  def test
    Object.new
  end
end

ObjectSpace.trace_object_allocations do
  obj = Foo.new.test
  puts ObjectSpace.allocation_class_path(obj)
  puts ObjectSpace.allocation_method_id(obj)
end
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.4.2 (2025-02-15 revision d2930f8e7a) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
Class
new
aaron@tc-lan-adapter ~/g/ruby (inline-new)> ./ruby -v test.rb
ruby 3.5.0dev (2025-04-07T19:40:59Z inline-new 2cf0efa18e) +PRISM [arm64-darwin24]
Foo
test
```

Before inlining, `ObjectSpace` would report the allocation class path and method id as `Class#new` which isn't very helpful. With the inlining patch, we can see that the object is allocated in `Foo#test`.

## Summary

I think the overall memory increase is modest, and the change to `caller` is acceptable especially given the performance increase this patch provides.

-- 
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

[ruby-core:121565] [Ruby Feature#21254] Inlining Class#new

tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)

ko1 (Koichi Sasada)

tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)

Earlopain (Earlopain _)

tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)

tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)

jez (Jake Zimmerman)

tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)

tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)

mame (Yusuke Endoh)

hsbt (Hiroshi SHIBATA)

tenderlovemaking (Aaron Patterson)

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participants (6)