Issue #20066 has been updated by Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme). These are very nice optimizations, though they lead me to wonder: would it be possible to also optimize `def foo(**x) = bar(**x)` in the same way that `def foo(&x) = bar(&x)` is currently optimized? If a named block param can be optimized to avoid "materialization" in this case, I think it should be possible to do the same with a named splat param, and have it become equivalent to `def foo(**) = bar(**)`. This would have the nice benefit that existing forwarding code with named params would become faster, without having to convert to anonymous params. ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106076 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme). The thing is, I don't understand how is this different from the `def f(&b)` situation. ```ruby def f(&block) foo(bar) g(&block) end ``` Here above, `foo` may be `eval` and `bar` may be a string referencing `block`. So how does the `&block` optimization work in this case? Is a Proc object allocated from the start? Is it allocated lazily only if `foo(bar)` turns out to be `eval("block")`? How is this different from keyword arguments? I'd appreciate if you could elucidate. ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106078 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by Eregon (Benoit Daloze). jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) wrote in #note-4:

The nice part of the Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding optimization is that it recognizes that you cannot modify the anonymous parameters

Interesting. I thought it might not hold for: ``` $ ruby -e 'def g(*,**h); h; end; def m(h); h[:a] = 2; p h; end; def f(*, **); m(*,**); g(*,**); end; p f(a: 1)' {:a=>2} {:a=>1} ``` but it seems fine. Which method does the copy there? #f when calling #m? ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106081 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme). jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) wrote in #note-4:

The positional and keyword splats currently always allocate up front. Maybe a similar approach could work for those (`getsplatparamproxy`/`getkwsplatparamproxy`), but it would assuredly be much more invasive.

I was thinking that something similar would be possible, except that instead of lazily allocating a Proc object, we'd be lazily copying the kwrest argument. I wasn't aware there's a special getblockparamproxy VM instruction, and indeed that sounds fairly invasize. Note that I'm only discussing an additional optimization related to rest/kwrest arguments, not something that would replace Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding (which, it's worth repeating, is really quite nice). ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106083 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans). Eregon (Benoit Daloze) wrote in #note-6:

Something else is one might want to observe what is the value of `*` or `**` or `&` in the debugger. And if that's somehow available then it becomes a way to mutate them, unless that way always makes a copy. Notably it's not uncommon for debuggers to allow to eval code with any receiver, field, argument, etc.

What about the :call TracePoint, doesn't that provide access to arguments? It seems not currently, only the binding and `parameters` (= Method#parameters).

Honestly, I didn't consider either of these. I don't see how you could do it with TracePoint, since even with the binding, you cannot get the values, only pass them as splats. I don't know whether it is possible to change the values with a debugger API, but I would guess not. The debugger has a method for getting local variables and their values (https://github.com/ruby/debug/blob/ab937ac49a4643f9302856c2da487ca113c16bd5/...), but it uses Binding#local_variable_get, which raises `NameError` for `*` and `**`, even inside a method with an anonymous splats. I tested and it skips the anonymous splat parameters completely, they don't show up in the `i l` command inside a method, unlike named splat parameters. ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106085 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans). Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme) wrote in #note-10:

...

I thought it might not hold for: ``` $ ruby -e 'def g(*,**h); h; end; def m(h); h[:a] = 2; p h; end; def f(*, **); m(*,**); g(*,**); end; p f(a: 1)' {:a=>2} {:a=>1} ```

Ok, I'm not sure what's going on, but I just tried compiling jeremy's branch and the above is not working for me

``` jeremy/bin/ruby -e 'def g(*,**h); h; end; def m(h); h[:a] = 2; p h; end; def f(*, **); m(*,**); g(*,**); end; p f(a: 1)' {:a=>2} {:a=>2} ``` ???

Thanks for testing. I'm fairly sure @Eregon was checking Ruby's current behavior, not the branch. That is a regression in the branch. I'll fix it. ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106092 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans). I've decided to remove the 6th optimization, and updated the pull request to do so. In addition to being by far the most complex and invasive optimization, it's also incorrect if the anonymous splat is passed to multiple methods that accept named splats. That's unfixable (without escape analysis/deoptimization), because `eval` and such can be used to pass the anonymous splat, so this isn't solvable in the compiler. ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106098 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme). I'm not sure this is worth worrying about, but: ```ruby def a(**) @opts[:x] = 2 b(**) end def b(**kw) p kw end opts = @opts = {x: 1} a(**opts) # normally prints {:x=>1}, now prints {:x=>2} ``` ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106125 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/

Issue #20066 has been updated by Dan0042 (Daniel DeLorme). I'm not sure if the following is relevant, but maybe just food for thought... Before Jeremy submitted this patch I had toyed with the idea of optimizing `*rest` and `**kwrest` arguments by freezing them. The idea is that with ```ruby opts = {a: 1}.freeze foo(**opts) ``` We don't need to make a copy of `opts` since it's frozen. And that frozen hash can be used directly in the callee depending on certain conditions: ```ruby def foo1(**) #use frozen hash directly since there's no variable to reference bar(**) #frozen hash is passed to bar, so no copy needed end def foo2(**kw) #use frozen hash directly since kw is only used in splat bar(**kw) #frozen hash is passed to bar, so no copy needed end def foo3(**kw) #use frozen hash directly since kw is only used in splat eval("kw").frozen? #=> true; imho this is acceptable tradeoff; should almost never cause issues, and can workaround with kw=kw.dup bar(**kw) #frozen hash is passed to bar, so no copy needed end def foo4(**kw) #copy hash since kw variable is used apart from splat kw.frozen? #=> false bar(**kw) #mutable hash is passed to bar end foo1 #no kwargs; in foo1 we can use a global frozen hash like Hash::EMPTYKW = {}.freeze ``` And then I toyed with the idea of introducing a `frozen_rest_arguments` pragma so that kw can be frozen explicitly in foo3 and foo4 above. Jeremy's approach seems better because `foo(**opts)` with a long forward chain results in only 1 allocation at the end, whereas my idea requires an extra allocation at the beginning if `opts` is not frozen. But I think the extra allocation makes this freezing approach immune to the issue in #note-15. So, food for thought, maybe. ---------------------------------------- Feature #20066: Reduce Implicit Array/Hash Allocations For Method Calls Involving Splats https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/20066#change-106131 * Author: jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans) * Status: Open * Priority: Normal ---------------------------------------- I have submitted a pull request (https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/9247) to reduce implicit array and hash allocations for method calls involving splats. The following optimizations are included: VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT callinfo flag This is similar to the VM_CALL_KW_SPLAT_MUT flag added in Ruby 3.0. This makes it so if the caller-side allocates an array for the method call, the flag is used to signal to the callee that it can reuse the allocated array and does not need to duplicate it. concattoarray VM instruction This instruction is similar to concatarray, but assumes the object being concatenated to is already a mutable array (such as those created by the splatarray VM instruction). This optimizes method calls with multiple splats such as `f(*a,*a,*a)` (which previously allocated 3 arrays), allocating a single array instead of an array per splatted array. pushtoarray VM instruction This is similar, but handles non-splat arguments after a splat. Previously, the VM would wrap those arguments in an array using newarray, and then call concatarray, such that `f(*a, a)` allocated 3 arrays caller-side. This instruction just appends to the mutable array, reducing the number of arrays allocated to 1. Allocationless Anonymous Splat Forwarding This allows `def f(*, **) end` to not allocate an array or hash callee side. This works because it is not possible to mutate the local variables, only pass them as splats to other methods. This can make the following call chain allocation less: ```ruby def f(a, b: 1) end def g(*, **) f(*, **) end ea a = [1] kw = {b: 2} g(*a, **kw) # No allocations in this call ``` Switch ... argument forwards to not use ruby2_keywords Using ruby2_keywords has probably been slower since Koichi's changes early in the Ruby 3.3 development cycle to not combine keyword splats into the positional splat array. This removes the FORWARD_ARGS_WITH_RUBY2_KEYWORDS define, so that `def f(...) end` operates similarly to `def f(*, **) end`, allowing allocationless splat forwarding Reduce array and hash allocations for nested argument forwarding calls This uses a combination of frame flags and callinfo flags to track mutability of anonymous splat variables. It can make it so the following call example only allocates a 1 array and 1 hash: ```ruby def m1(*args, **kw) end def m2(...) m1(...) end def m3(*, **) m2(*, **) end m3(1, a: 1) # 1 array and 1 hash allocated ``` In the above example, the call to `m3` allocates an array (`[1]`) and a hash (`{a: 1}`), but the call to `m2` passes them as mutable splats, `m2` treats them as mutable splats when calling `m1`, and `m1` reuses the array that `m3` allocated for `args` and the hash that `m3` allocated for `kw`. I created a benchmark for all of these changes. In the method calls optimized by these changes, it is significantly faster: ``` named_multi_arg_splat after: 5344097.6 i/s before: 3088134.0 i/s - 1.73x slower named_post_splat after: 5401882.3 i/s before: 2629321.8 i/s - 2.05x slower anon_arg_splat after: 12242780.9 i/s before: 6845413.2 i/s - 1.79x slower anon_arg_kw_splat after: 11277398.7 i/s before: 4329509.4 i/s - 2.60x slower anon_multi_arg_splat after: 5132699.5 i/s before: 3018103.7 i/s - 1.70x slower anon_post_splat after: 5602915.1 i/s before: 2645185.5 i/s - 2.12x slower anon_kw_splat after: 15403727.3 i/s before: 6249504.6 i/s - 2.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_splat after: 2985715.3 i/s before: 2049159.9 i/s - 1.46x slower anon_fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2941030.4 i/s before: 2100380.0 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_named_splat after: 2801008.7 i/s before: 2012416.4 i/s - 1.39x slower fw_to_named_no_splat after: 2742670.4 i/s before: 1957707.2 i/s - 1.40x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_splat after: 2309246.6 i/s before: 1375924.6 i/s - 1.68x slower fw_to_anon_to_named_no_splat after: 2193227.6 i/s before: 1351184.1 i/s - 1.62x slower ``` Only fallout from these changes: * Minor change to AST output for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * Prism and rbs need updating for `...` not using `ruby2_keywords` * typeprof need updating for new VM instructions (at least pushtoarray) VM_CALL_ARGS_SPLAT_MUT, concattoarray, and pushtoarray only affect uncommon callsites (multiple splats, argument after splat). Other commits only optimize calls to methods using anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding. Previously, there was no performance reason to use anonymous splats or `...` argument forwarding, but with this change, using them can be faster, and can offer a new way for users to optimize their code. In my opinion, this is too late for consideration in Ruby 3.3, but it could be considered for Ruby 3.4. -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/